Relational engines enforce ACID properties. SQL standard isolation levels manage concurrency anomalies: - Read Uncommitted: Dirty reads possible. - Read Committed: Default in PostgreSQL; avoids dirty reads. - Repeatable Read: Snapshot isolation; avoids non-repeatable reads. - Serializable: Strictest level; eliminates phantom reads and serialization anomalies.
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1. ACID Guarantees & Transaction Isolation Levels
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.
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1. Which isolation level is the default in PostgreSQL?
2. What phenomenon occurs when a transaction reads uncommitted changes from another transaction?
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