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5. Telecom Evolution: 2G to 5G Standalone & O-RAN

Cellular architectures, packet cores, and network slicing.

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- 2G/3G: Circuit-switched voice + GPRS/packet data. - 4G LTE: All-IP EPC (Evolved Packet Core) with separate MME/SGW/PGW. - 5G Standalone (5G SA): Cloud-native Service-Based Architecture (SBA) with HTTP/2 and gRPC microservices (AMF, SMF, UPF), dynamic Network Slicing, and Open RAN (O-RAN) disaggregated radio units.

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  1. 1. What communication protocol is used between 5G Core (5GC) control plane network functions?

  2. 2. What feature in 5G allows carriers to allocate dedicated virtual networks with QoS guarantees for specific use cases (e.g. IoT vs Ultra-Low Latency)?

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