- At-most-once: Messages may be lost, never duplicated. - At-least-once: Default; no message lost, duplicates possible. - Exactly-Once (EOS): Idempotent producers (`enable.idempotence=true`) with transactional offsets guarantee each message is processed exactly once across pipeline stages.
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2. Delivery Semantics & Exactly-Once Processing (EOS)
At-least-once, At-most-once, and Idempotent Producers.
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1. What producer setting in Kafka prevents duplicate writes caused by network retries?
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